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common complaints

  • 1 common complaints

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > common complaints

  • 2 complaint

    1 (protest, objection) gen plainte f (about concernant, au sujet de) ; ( official) réclamation f (about concernant, au sujet de) ; there have been complaints about the noise on s'est plaint du bruit ; there have been complaints of nepotism/discrimination on s'est plaint de népotisme/discrimination ; I have received a written complaint about your behaviour on m'a écrit pour se plaindre de votre conduite ; there have been complaints that the service is slow on a reproché au service d'être lent, on s'est plaint de la lenteur du service ; tiredness is a common complaint les gens se plaignent souvent de fatigue ; the workers' complaints that they are badly paid are justified les réclamations des travailleurs concernant leur basse rémunération sont justifiées ; the canteen was closed after ou following complaint about poor hygiene la cantine a été fermée suite à des plaintes concernant le manque d'hygiène ; in case of complaint, contact the management en cas de réclamation, adressez-vous à la direction ; to have grounds ou cause for complaint avoir lieu de se plaindre, avoir des motifs de plainte ; to lay ou lodge ou file a complaint against sb déposer une plainte or porter plainte contre qn ; to make a complaint se plaindre, faire une réclamation ; to make ou submit a complaint to sb adresser une réclamation à qn ; I've no complaints je n'ai rien à redire ; I've no complaints about the service je n'ai pas à me plaindre du service ;
    2 Med maladie f ; skin complaint maladie de peau ; nervous complaint maladie nerveuse ; common complaints maladies ordinaires.

    Big English-French dictionary > complaint

  • 3 распространённые жалобы

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > распространённые жалобы

  • 4 queja

    f.
    1 complaint (protesta).
    presentar una queja to make o lodge a complaint (formalmente)
    tener queja de algo/alguien to have a complaint about something/somebody
    2 moan, groan (lamento).
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: quejar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: quejar.
    * * *
    1 (descontento) complaint
    2 (de dolor) moan, groan
    \
    dar queja de algo/alguien to complaint about something/somebody
    presentar una queja DERECHO to lodge a complaint
    no tener queja de alguien to have no complaints about somebody
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=reclamación) [gen] complaint; [refunfuñando] grumble, grouse *; [con rencor] grudge, resentment

    presentar una queja — to make o lodge a complaint

    2) (=gemido) moan, groan
    3) (Jur) protest
    * * *
    a) ( protesta) complaint
    b) ( de dolor) ver quejido
    * * *
    = complaint, cry, discontent, grievance, remonstration, demand, hand-wringing, reproach, axe + to grind, gripe, whining, jeremiad, beef, plaint, letter of complaint, nag, niggle.
    Ex. CACs have dealt with pre-shopping advice, education on consumers' rights and complaints about goods and services, advising the client and often obtaining expert assessments.
    Ex. The cry is often heard that it is impossible to put nonbook materials on open shelves because they will be stolen.
    Ex. No one complained about Duff to her, and she decided not to probe for discontents.
    Ex. So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).
    Ex. Interestingly enough, the immediate effect of Bodley's remonstrations was the inclusion in the inventory lists of additional separate entries for books bound with other books.
    Ex. Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex. The book is simply an occasion for ritual hand-wringing about Northern Ireland's troubled past and present troubles = El libro es simplemente una ocasión para lamentarse sobre los problemas pasados y presentes de Irlanda del Norte.
    Ex. A standing reproach to all librarians is the non-user.
    Ex. The seventeenth century could tolerate the growth of a public library which was committed to the spread of knowledge without any particular axe to grind other than the rather vague one of promoting a happy Christian state.
    Ex. The article 'Interlibrary loan: automation, whither thou goest; some gripes and an accolade' advises postponing automation until dedicated funds are available and hardware is standardized.
    Ex. Electronic, peer review journals provide the clearest examples of the value of the Internet as a medium for serious scholarship, a counterpoint to whinings over digital disinformation and knowledge fragmentation.
    Ex. He offers an antidote to modern-day jeremiads that criticize easily duped consumers.
    Ex. My major beef about ProCite (and it's actually true of Reference Manager as well) is that the import filters are not updated.
    Ex. A common plaint among some critics is that resemblance is a necessary condition of pictorial representation.
    Ex. In the course of reading this article, you may spot a factual error which makes you bristle, or you may think the writing is biased, but by now the ink has dried; all you can do is send a letter of complaint.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'One last nag or two or three: it's the last chance this year for vendors to take my advice: put users first!'.
    Ex. Wilson was limping around so he must have picked up a knock or aggravated a niggle that he already had.
    ----
    * atender quejas = handle + complaints.
    * dar lugar a queja = evoke + complaint.
    * desbaratar las quejas = disarm + complaints.
    * después de la queja = postcomplaint [post-complaint].
    * expresar queja = voice + complaint.
    * interponer una queja = file + complaint, file + grievance.
    * invalidar las quejas = disarm + complaints.
    * motivo de queja = pet peeve.
    * persona que se queja = complainant.
    * posterior a la queja = postcomplaint [post-complaint].
    * presentar una queja = register + complaint, lodge + complaint, file + complaint, file + grievance.
    * quejas = grumbling(s).
    * * *
    a) ( protesta) complaint
    b) ( de dolor) ver quejido
    * * *
    = complaint, cry, discontent, grievance, remonstration, demand, hand-wringing, reproach, axe + to grind, gripe, whining, jeremiad, beef, plaint, letter of complaint, nag, niggle.

    Ex: CACs have dealt with pre-shopping advice, education on consumers' rights and complaints about goods and services, advising the client and often obtaining expert assessments.

    Ex: The cry is often heard that it is impossible to put nonbook materials on open shelves because they will be stolen.
    Ex: No one complained about Duff to her, and she decided not to probe for discontents.
    Ex: So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).
    Ex: Interestingly enough, the immediate effect of Bodley's remonstrations was the inclusion in the inventory lists of additional separate entries for books bound with other books.
    Ex: Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex: The book is simply an occasion for ritual hand-wringing about Northern Ireland's troubled past and present troubles = El libro es simplemente una ocasión para lamentarse sobre los problemas pasados y presentes de Irlanda del Norte.
    Ex: A standing reproach to all librarians is the non-user.
    Ex: The seventeenth century could tolerate the growth of a public library which was committed to the spread of knowledge without any particular axe to grind other than the rather vague one of promoting a happy Christian state.
    Ex: The article 'Interlibrary loan: automation, whither thou goest; some gripes and an accolade' advises postponing automation until dedicated funds are available and hardware is standardized.
    Ex: Electronic, peer review journals provide the clearest examples of the value of the Internet as a medium for serious scholarship, a counterpoint to whinings over digital disinformation and knowledge fragmentation.
    Ex: He offers an antidote to modern-day jeremiads that criticize easily duped consumers.
    Ex: My major beef about ProCite (and it's actually true of Reference Manager as well) is that the import filters are not updated.
    Ex: A common plaint among some critics is that resemblance is a necessary condition of pictorial representation.
    Ex: In the course of reading this article, you may spot a factual error which makes you bristle, or you may think the writing is biased, but by now the ink has dried; all you can do is send a letter of complaint.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'One last nag or two or three: it's the last chance this year for vendors to take my advice: put users first!'.
    Ex: Wilson was limping around so he must have picked up a knock or aggravated a niggle that he already had.
    * atender quejas = handle + complaints.
    * dar lugar a queja = evoke + complaint.
    * desbaratar las quejas = disarm + complaints.
    * después de la queja = postcomplaint [post-complaint].
    * expresar queja = voice + complaint.
    * interponer una queja = file + complaint, file + grievance.
    * invalidar las quejas = disarm + complaints.
    * motivo de queja = pet peeve.
    * persona que se queja = complainant.
    * posterior a la queja = postcomplaint [post-complaint].
    * presentar una queja = register + complaint, lodge + complaint, file + complaint, file + grievance.
    * quejas = grumbling(s).

    * * *
    1 (protesta) complaint
    presentar una queja to make o lodge o file a complaint
    nunca hemos tenido motivo de queja con él he has never given us any cause for complaint
    me han dado quejas de ti I've received complaints about you
    estoy harto de tus constantes quejas I've had enough of your endless complaining
    * * *

     

    Del verbo quejarse: ( conjugate quejarse)

    se queja es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    queja sustantivo femenino ( protesta) complaint;

    queja sustantivo femenino
    1 (reproche, protesta) complaint: no tenemos ninguna queja de ella, we've got no complaints about her
    han presentado una queja a la administración, they complained to the administration
    2 (de dolor) groan, moan

    ' queja' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    encima
    - escrita
    - escrito
    - llorica
    - presentar
    - reclamación
    - todavía
    - embargo
    - formular
    - protesta
    - reclamo
    - reporte
    - vicio
    English:
    air
    - complaint
    - file
    - fuss
    - grievance
    - gripe
    - grouse
    - grumble
    - lodge
    - moan
    - never
    - strident
    * * *
    queja nf
    1. [lamento] moan, groan
    2. [protesta] complaint;
    presentar una queja [formalmente] to make o lodge a complaint;
    tener queja de algo/alguien to have a complaint about sth/sb;
    no tienes ningún motivo de queja you've got nothing to complain about, you've no cause for complaint;
    no me ha dado ningún motivo de queja I've got no complaints about him
    * * *
    f complaint;
    no tener queja de alguien have no complaints about s.o.
    * * *
    queja nf
    : complaint
    * * *
    1. (protesta) complaint
    2. (grito) moan / groan

    Spanish-English dictionary > queja

  • 5 complaint

    [kəm'pleɪnt]
    1) lamentela f., lagnanza f.; (official) reclamo m.

    in case of complaint, contact the management — in caso di reclamo, contattare la direzione

    to have grounds o cause for complaint avere motivo o ragione di lamentarsi; to lodge o file a complaint against sb. sporgere (un) reclamo contro qcn., querelare qcn.; to make a complaint lamentarsi, fare le proprie rimostranze; I've no complaints about the service — non mi posso lamentare del servizio

    2) med. malattia f., disturbo m.
    * * *
    1) ((a statement of one's) dissatisfaction: The customer made a complaint about the lack of hygiene in the food shop.) protesta, reclamo
    2) (a sickness, disease, disorder etc: He's always suffering from some complaint or other.) disturbo, malattia
    * * *
    [kəm'pleɪnt]
    1) lamentela f., lagnanza f.; (official) reclamo m.

    in case of complaint, contact the management — in caso di reclamo, contattare la direzione

    to have grounds o cause for complaint avere motivo o ragione di lamentarsi; to lodge o file a complaint against sb. sporgere (un) reclamo contro qcn., querelare qcn.; to make a complaint lamentarsi, fare le proprie rimostranze; I've no complaints about the service — non mi posso lamentare del servizio

    2) med. malattia f., disturbo m.

    English-Italian dictionary > complaint

  • 6 complaint

    complaint [kəmˈpleɪnt]
       a. ( = expression of discontent) plainte f ; (about goods, services) réclamation f
       b. ( = illness) maladie f
    * * *
    [kəm'pleɪnt]
    1) (protest, objection) gen plainte f ( about concernant, au sujet de); ( official) réclamation f ( about concernant, au sujet de)

    in case of complaint, contact the management — en cas de réclamation, adressez-vous à la direction

    to have grounds ou cause for complaint — avoir lieu de se plaindre

    to file a complaint against somebody — déposer une plainte or porter plainte contre quelqu'un

    to make a complaint — se plaindre, faire une réclamation

    2) Medicine maladie f

    English-French dictionary > complaint

  • 7 disonante

    adj.
    dissonant, discordant.
    f.
    dissonant.
    * * *
    1 MÚSICA dissonant, discordant
    2 figurado discordant
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (Mús) dissonant
    2) (=discordante) discordant
    * * *
    adjetivo (Mús) dissonant; < voz> discordant; < colores> clashing
    * * *
    = jarring, dissonant, unharmonious, out of tune.
    Ex. The protagonist experiences a jarring descent from the heights of literary distinction at court to the coarseness of common experience.
    Ex. Public policies have created a framework for service that may be dissonant with the ideals of the transformational value of reading.
    Ex. The lighting is good but made unharmonious by the use of colour tints.
    Ex. Soon they started receiving complaints that he left the pianos more out of tune than he found them.
    ----
    * de un modo disonante = jarringly.
    * * *
    adjetivo (Mús) dissonant; < voz> discordant; < colores> clashing
    * * *
    = jarring, dissonant, unharmonious, out of tune.

    Ex: The protagonist experiences a jarring descent from the heights of literary distinction at court to the coarseness of common experience.

    Ex: Public policies have created a framework for service that may be dissonant with the ideals of the transformational value of reading.
    Ex: The lighting is good but made unharmonious by the use of colour tints.
    Ex: Soon they started receiving complaints that he left the pianos more out of tune than he found them.
    * de un modo disonante = jarringly.

    * * *
    1 ( Mús) dissonant
    2 ‹voz› discordant
    3 ‹colores› clashing
    * * *

    disonante adjetivo (Mús) dissonant;
    ‹ voz› discordant;
    ‹ colores› clashing
    disonante adjetivo harsh, dissonant: nunca dice una palabra disonante, he never says a harsh word
    ' disonante' also found in these entries:
    English:
    tuneless
    - discord
    * * *
    1. [sonidos, ritmos, voces] dissonant, discordant
    2. [colores, estilos] clashing;
    ese sofá queda de lo más disonante that sofa simply screams it doesn't belong there

    Spanish-English dictionary > disonante

  • 8 CAC

    1) Общая лексика: Collective action clause
    2) Военный термин: Central Advisory Council, Civil Administration Committee, Civil Affairs Command, Common Access Card, Continental Air Command, Continental Army Command, U.S. Army Combined Arms Command, chief artillery controller, civic action center, clear all channels, combat air command, combat aircrew, combined action company, combined arms center, command analysis center, command and control, computer-aided classification, constant alert cycle, contract administration control, contract award committee, control and analysis center, control and coordination, cooperation and coordination, current action center, Combined Arms Center (formerly Combined Arms Command), command aviation company
    5) Страхование: Cost and charges
    6) Металлургия: carbon-arc cutting
    7) Сокращение: Canadian Armoured Corps, Capital Area Conference, Central Advisory Committee, Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corp. (China), City Administration Center, Coast Artillery Corps, Coastal Artillery Computer, Combat Air Crew, Combat Assessment Capability, Combined Arms Center (USA), Consumer Advisory Council, Consumer Affairs Council, Consumer Association of Canada, Control & Analysis Center (USA), Corrective Action Code (address list, 2006, works with CARL), County Administration Centre, Custom Armoring Corp. (USA), Chroma Amplitude Corrector, Codex Alimentarius Commission, CECOM (Army Communications and Electronics Command) Acquisition Center (US Army), CableAmerica Corporation, Cache File, Cadet Advisory Council, Cairo American College (Egypt), Calculated Age at Commencement (UK criminal system; mainly prison & probation services), California Acupuncture College, California Administrative Code, California Apple Commission, California Asparagus Commission, California Association of Criminalists, California Avocado Commission, Call Access Control, Call Admission Control, Calling All Cars (Playstation 3 game), Calling-Card Authorization Center, Calling-card Authorization Computer (Sprint), Callingcard Authorization Center, Campaign Against Censorship, Canadian Advisory Committee, Canadian Airports Council, Canadian Association for Conservation, Canadian Aviation Corps (World War I), Capital Allocation Committee, Capital Athletic Conference, Carbohydrate Awareness Council, Cardiac Accelerator Center, Cardioacceleratory Center, Career Assistance Counseling, Caribbean Air Command, Carrier Access Charge, Carrier Access Code, Carrier Access Corporation (Boulder, CO, USA), Carrier Advisory Committee, Carrier Air Patrol, Casualty Area Command, Casualty Area Commander, Catawba Animal Clinic (Rock Hill, South Carolina), Catchment Area Council, Categorical Assistance Code, Categorization & Custody, Cauliflower Alley Club, Ceiling Attenuation Class, Cement Association of Canada, Center for Advanced Communications (Villanova University), Central Accessory Compartment, Central Air Command (Pakistan Air Force), Central Air Conditioner (real estate), Central Alarm Cabinet, Central American and Caribbean, Central Arizona College, Central de Atendimento a Clientes, Centre Alge'rien de la Cine'matographie (Algeria), Centre d'Action Culturelle (French), Certificat d'Aptitute Au Championat (FCI dog show reserve champion), Certificat d'Aptitute au Championnat (European dog shows), Certified Addictions Counselor, Certified Annuity Consultant, Change Area Coordinator (Sprint), Change to Approach Control, Channel Access Code, Charged Air Cooler (turbochargers), Cheese and Crackers, Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry (conference), Chengdu Aircraft Company (China), Chicago Artists' Coalition, Child Activity Center, Child Advocacy Center, Chinese Alliance Church, Chinese Annual Conference (of the Methodist Church in Singapore), Christ Apostolic Church, Circuit Access Code, Circuit Administration Center, Citizens Action Coalition, Citizens Advisory Council, Citizens' Advisory Committee, Civil Affairs Coordinator, Civil Applications Committee, Civilian Advisory Conference, Clean Air Council, Clear Acquisition Code (GPS), Clear All Corridors (hospital), Client Acceptance Committee, Climate Analysis Center, Clinical Advisory Committee, Closed Air Circuit, Clostridium Acetobutylicum, Coaching Association of Canada, Coal Association of Canada, Coalition for America's Children, Coastal Assistant Controller, Cognitive-Affective-Conative, Collection Accounting Classification, Collection Advisory Center, Color Access Control, Combat Analysis Capability, Combined Arms Center (Ft Leavenworth, Kansas), Combined Arms Center/Command, Command & Control, Commander's Access Channel, Commandos d'Action Cubains (French), Commissaire Aux Comptes (French, financial), Commission on Accreditation for Corrections, Common Access Card (smart card technology used in DoD), Common And COTS, Common Avionics Computer, Communication Aid Centre (UK), Communication Architecture for Clusters, Community Action Council, Community Activities Center, Community Activity Center, Community Affairs Committee, Community Affairs Council, Community Agriculture Centre, Community Alliance Church, Community Amenity Contribution (Canada), Commuting Area Candidate, Compandored Analog Carrier, Competition Appeal Court, Complaints Advisory Committee, Complex Advisory Council, Compound Access Control, Compressed Aeronautical Chart, Compressor After Cooler, Computer Access Center, Computer Aided Crime, Computer Asset Controller, Computer-Aided Construction, Computer-Aided Cost/Classification, Computer-Assisted Cartography, Computing Accreditation Commission (ABET), Concord Automation and Controls, Conditional Acceptance Certificate, Conformity Assessment Certificate, Connection Acceptance Control, Connection Admission Control (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), Connection Asset Customer, Connection Assurance Check, Conseil des Ae'roports du Canada (Canadian Airports Council), Conservatief Accoord, Console Alarm Card, Consulting and Audit Canada, Consumer Affairs Commission (Jamaica), Consumers Association of Canada, Contact Agility Club, Contact Approach Control, Context-Aware Computing, Continuity Army Council (IRA), Contract Audit Coordinator (DCAA), Contract Awards Committee, Contractor's Approach to CALS, Control Analysis Center, Coomera Anglican College (Gold Coast, Australia), Cooper Aerobics Center, Coronary Artery Calcium, Corporate Affairs Commission (Nigeria), Corps Aviation Company, Cost Account Code, Cost At Completion, Cotation Assiste'e En Continu (French: Continuous-Time Computer-Assisted Quotation System), Cotation Assistee En Continue (French Stock Exchange Index), Counselors Advisory Committee (B'ham Al Crisis Center), Cow Appreciation Campaign, Create A Card (online gaming), Creative Arts Center (West Virginia University), Credentialed Addictions Counselor, Credit Association of Canada, Crew Available Cycle, Crimes Against Children, Crisis Action Cell, Crisis Action Center, Criteria Air Containment, Crossroads of America Council (Boy Scout council comprising most of Indiana, USA), Cumulative Average Cost, Cumulative Average Curve, Custom Arms Company, Inc., Customer Administration Center, Customer Advisory Council, Customer Assistance Center, Cyclists Advisory Committee (Alberta, Canada), current actions center (US DoD), charge air coder
    8) Университет: Campus Advisory Council, College And Career
    12) Банковское дело: поправочный валютный коэффициент (сокр. от currency adjustment charge)
    13) Воздухоплавание: Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (Aust.)
    17) Деловая лексика: Compagnie des Agents de Change
    18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Central Asia - Center
    19) Океанография: Computer Advisory Committee
    20) Общая лексика: charge air cooler
    21) Расширение файла: dBASE IV executable when caching on/ off
    22) Нефть и газ: pipeline "Central Asia-Centre", трубопровод «Центральная Азия – Центр», pipeline ‘Central Asia – Centre’
    23) Военно-политический термин: Combined Arms Command
    25) Собаководство: CAC
    27) Должность: Certified Addiction Counselor
    28) AMEX. Camden National Corporation
    29) Международные перевозки: currency adjustment charge

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CAC

  • 9 cac

    1) Общая лексика: Collective action clause
    2) Военный термин: Central Advisory Council, Civil Administration Committee, Civil Affairs Command, Common Access Card, Continental Air Command, Continental Army Command, U.S. Army Combined Arms Command, chief artillery controller, civic action center, clear all channels, combat air command, combat aircrew, combined action company, combined arms center, command analysis center, command and control, computer-aided classification, constant alert cycle, contract administration control, contract award committee, control and analysis center, control and coordination, cooperation and coordination, current action center, Combined Arms Center (formerly Combined Arms Command), command aviation company
    5) Страхование: Cost and charges
    6) Металлургия: carbon-arc cutting
    7) Сокращение: Canadian Armoured Corps, Capital Area Conference, Central Advisory Committee, Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corp. (China), City Administration Center, Coast Artillery Corps, Coastal Artillery Computer, Combat Air Crew, Combat Assessment Capability, Combined Arms Center (USA), Consumer Advisory Council, Consumer Affairs Council, Consumer Association of Canada, Control & Analysis Center (USA), Corrective Action Code (address list, 2006, works with CARL), County Administration Centre, Custom Armoring Corp. (USA), Chroma Amplitude Corrector, Codex Alimentarius Commission, CECOM (Army Communications and Electronics Command) Acquisition Center (US Army), CableAmerica Corporation, Cache File, Cadet Advisory Council, Cairo American College (Egypt), Calculated Age at Commencement (UK criminal system; mainly prison & probation services), California Acupuncture College, California Administrative Code, California Apple Commission, California Asparagus Commission, California Association of Criminalists, California Avocado Commission, Call Access Control, Call Admission Control, Calling All Cars (Playstation 3 game), Calling-Card Authorization Center, Calling-card Authorization Computer (Sprint), Callingcard Authorization Center, Campaign Against Censorship, Canadian Advisory Committee, Canadian Airports Council, Canadian Association for Conservation, Canadian Aviation Corps (World War I), Capital Allocation Committee, Capital Athletic Conference, Carbohydrate Awareness Council, Cardiac Accelerator Center, Cardioacceleratory Center, Career Assistance Counseling, Caribbean Air Command, Carrier Access Charge, Carrier Access Code, Carrier Access Corporation (Boulder, CO, USA), Carrier Advisory Committee, Carrier Air Patrol, Casualty Area Command, Casualty Area Commander, Catawba Animal Clinic (Rock Hill, South Carolina), Catchment Area Council, Categorical Assistance Code, Categorization & Custody, Cauliflower Alley Club, Ceiling Attenuation Class, Cement Association of Canada, Center for Advanced Communications (Villanova University), Central Accessory Compartment, Central Air Command (Pakistan Air Force), Central Air Conditioner (real estate), Central Alarm Cabinet, Central American and Caribbean, Central Arizona College, Central de Atendimento a Clientes, Centre Alge'rien de la Cine'matographie (Algeria), Centre d'Action Culturelle (French), Certificat d'Aptitute Au Championat (FCI dog show reserve champion), Certificat d'Aptitute au Championnat (European dog shows), Certified Addictions Counselor, Certified Annuity Consultant, Change Area Coordinator (Sprint), Change to Approach Control, Channel Access Code, Charged Air Cooler (turbochargers), Cheese and Crackers, Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry (conference), Chengdu Aircraft Company (China), Chicago Artists' Coalition, Child Activity Center, Child Advocacy Center, Chinese Alliance Church, Chinese Annual Conference (of the Methodist Church in Singapore), Christ Apostolic Church, Circuit Access Code, Circuit Administration Center, Citizens Action Coalition, Citizens Advisory Council, Citizens' Advisory Committee, Civil Affairs Coordinator, Civil Applications Committee, Civilian Advisory Conference, Clean Air Council, Clear Acquisition Code (GPS), Clear All Corridors (hospital), Client Acceptance Committee, Climate Analysis Center, Clinical Advisory Committee, Closed Air Circuit, Clostridium Acetobutylicum, Coaching Association of Canada, Coal Association of Canada, Coalition for America's Children, Coastal Assistant Controller, Cognitive-Affective-Conative, Collection Accounting Classification, Collection Advisory Center, Color Access Control, Combat Analysis Capability, Combined Arms Center (Ft Leavenworth, Kansas), Combined Arms Center/Command, Command & Control, Commander's Access Channel, Commandos d'Action Cubains (French), Commissaire Aux Comptes (French, financial), Commission on Accreditation for Corrections, Common Access Card (smart card technology used in DoD), Common And COTS, Common Avionics Computer, Communication Aid Centre (UK), Communication Architecture for Clusters, Community Action Council, Community Activities Center, Community Activity Center, Community Affairs Committee, Community Affairs Council, Community Agriculture Centre, Community Alliance Church, Community Amenity Contribution (Canada), Commuting Area Candidate, Compandored Analog Carrier, Competition Appeal Court, Complaints Advisory Committee, Complex Advisory Council, Compound Access Control, Compressed Aeronautical Chart, Compressor After Cooler, Computer Access Center, Computer Aided Crime, Computer Asset Controller, Computer-Aided Construction, Computer-Aided Cost/Classification, Computer-Assisted Cartography, Computing Accreditation Commission (ABET), Concord Automation and Controls, Conditional Acceptance Certificate, Conformity Assessment Certificate, Connection Acceptance Control, Connection Admission Control (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), Connection Asset Customer, Connection Assurance Check, Conseil des Ae'roports du Canada (Canadian Airports Council), Conservatief Accoord, Console Alarm Card, Consulting and Audit Canada, Consumer Affairs Commission (Jamaica), Consumers Association of Canada, Contact Agility Club, Contact Approach Control, Context-Aware Computing, Continuity Army Council (IRA), Contract Audit Coordinator (DCAA), Contract Awards Committee, Contractor's Approach to CALS, Control Analysis Center, Coomera Anglican College (Gold Coast, Australia), Cooper Aerobics Center, Coronary Artery Calcium, Corporate Affairs Commission (Nigeria), Corps Aviation Company, Cost Account Code, Cost At Completion, Cotation Assiste'e En Continu (French: Continuous-Time Computer-Assisted Quotation System), Cotation Assistee En Continue (French Stock Exchange Index), Counselors Advisory Committee (B'ham Al Crisis Center), Cow Appreciation Campaign, Create A Card (online gaming), Creative Arts Center (West Virginia University), Credentialed Addictions Counselor, Credit Association of Canada, Crew Available Cycle, Crimes Against Children, Crisis Action Cell, Crisis Action Center, Criteria Air Containment, Crossroads of America Council (Boy Scout council comprising most of Indiana, USA), Cumulative Average Cost, Cumulative Average Curve, Custom Arms Company, Inc., Customer Administration Center, Customer Advisory Council, Customer Assistance Center, Cyclists Advisory Committee (Alberta, Canada), current actions center (US DoD), charge air coder
    8) Университет: Campus Advisory Council, College And Career
    12) Банковское дело: поправочный валютный коэффициент (сокр. от currency adjustment charge)
    13) Воздухоплавание: Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (Aust.)
    17) Деловая лексика: Compagnie des Agents de Change
    18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Central Asia - Center
    19) Океанография: Computer Advisory Committee
    20) Общая лексика: charge air cooler
    21) Расширение файла: dBASE IV executable when caching on/ off
    22) Нефть и газ: pipeline "Central Asia-Centre", трубопровод «Центральная Азия – Центр», pipeline ‘Central Asia – Centre’
    23) Военно-политический термин: Combined Arms Command
    25) Собаководство: CAC
    27) Должность: Certified Addiction Counselor
    28) AMEX. Camden National Corporation
    29) Международные перевозки: currency adjustment charge

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > cac

  • 10 PCC

    1) Общая лексика: plain cement concrete
    7) Религия: Praise Chapel Club
    8) Железнодорожный термин: Palouse River and Coulee City Railroad Incorporated
    10) Дипломатический термин: Protocol Coordination Center
    12) Сокращение: Parochial Church Council, Partnership Co-ordination Cell (NATO), Polarity Coincidence Correlation receiver, Police Compact Carbine, Population Crisis Committee, Postal & Courier Communications, Postal Concentration Center (Miami, FL gathers APO/FPO mail), Presidents Conference Committee, peaceful chemical compound, point of compound curve
    14) Электроника: Personal Computer Controlled
    15) Вычислительная техника: program-controlled computer
    16) Литература: Petro-Canada Central Toastmasters Club
    17) Транспорт: Paver Compacted Concrete, Performance Concept Car, Portland Cement Concrete, Panama Channel Charge / сбор за прохождение Панамского канала
    19) СМИ: Press Complaints Commission (a voluntary regulatory body for British printed newspapers and magazines, consisting of representatives of the major publishers)
    21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: propped conical caisson
    23) Океанография: Policy Coordination Council
    24) Безопасность: Poison Control Center
    27) Военно-политический термин: Partnership Coordination Cell
    28) Электротехника: power control center, Point of Common Coupling
    29) Общественная организация: Pennsylvania Conservation Corps
    31) Правительство: Pima County Code
    33) Программное обеспечение: Portable C Compiler
    34) AMEX. P M C Commercial Trust
    35) Оргтехника: Printer Carriage Control

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PCC

  • 11 pcc

    1) Общая лексика: plain cement concrete
    7) Религия: Praise Chapel Club
    8) Железнодорожный термин: Palouse River and Coulee City Railroad Incorporated
    10) Дипломатический термин: Protocol Coordination Center
    12) Сокращение: Parochial Church Council, Partnership Co-ordination Cell (NATO), Polarity Coincidence Correlation receiver, Police Compact Carbine, Population Crisis Committee, Postal & Courier Communications, Postal Concentration Center (Miami, FL gathers APO/FPO mail), Presidents Conference Committee, peaceful chemical compound, point of compound curve
    14) Электроника: Personal Computer Controlled
    15) Вычислительная техника: program-controlled computer
    16) Литература: Petro-Canada Central Toastmasters Club
    17) Транспорт: Paver Compacted Concrete, Performance Concept Car, Portland Cement Concrete, Panama Channel Charge / сбор за прохождение Панамского канала
    19) СМИ: Press Complaints Commission (a voluntary regulatory body for British printed newspapers and magazines, consisting of representatives of the major publishers)
    21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: propped conical caisson
    23) Океанография: Policy Coordination Council
    24) Безопасность: Poison Control Center
    27) Военно-политический термин: Partnership Coordination Cell
    28) Электротехника: power control center, Point of Common Coupling
    29) Общественная организация: Pennsylvania Conservation Corps
    31) Правительство: Pima County Code
    33) Программное обеспечение: Portable C Compiler
    34) AMEX. P M C Commercial Trust
    35) Оргтехника: Printer Carriage Control

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > pcc

  • 12 häufen

    I v/t pile up, heap up; häufen auf (+ Akk) pile (up) on, pile onto; gehäuft II
    II v/refl (sich anhäufen) pile up, accumulate, mount; (sich mehren) multiply, increase; (sich verbreiten) spread; (öfter vorkommen) happen ( oder occur) more and more often, be on the increase; die Beschwerden häufen sich more and more complaints are being made ( oder are coming in); die Todesfälle häufen sich the number of deaths ( oder the death toll) is going up ( oder is on the increase); die Hinweise häufen sich evidence is mounting; gehäuft III
    * * *
    der Haufen
    multitude; crowd; aggregate; heap; cluster; pile; flock; batch; stack
    * * *
    Hau|fen ['haufn]
    m -s, -
    1) heap, pile

    jdn/ein Tier über den Háúfen rennen/fahren etc (inf) — to knock or run sb/an animal down, to run over sb/an animal

    or knallen (inf) — to shoot sb/an animal down

    der Hund hat da einen Háúfen gemacht — the dog has made a mess there (inf)

    so viele Dummköpfe/so viel Idiotie/so viel Geld habe ich noch nie auf einem Háúfen gesehen (inf) — I've never seen so many fools/so much idiocy/so much money in one place before

    2) (inf = große Menge) load (inf), heap (inf)

    ein Háúfen Arbeit/Geld/Bücher — a load or heap of work/money/books (all inf), piles or loads or heaps of work/money/books (all inf)

    ein Háúfen Unsinn — a load of (old) rubbish (inf), a load of nonsense (inf)

    ein Háúfen Zeit — loads or heaps of time (both inf)

    ich hab noch einen Háúfen zu tun — I still have loads or piles or heaps or a load to do (all inf)

    in Háúfen — by the ton (inf)

    er hat einen ganzen Háúfen Freunde — he has a whole load of friends (inf), he has loads or heaps of friends (both inf)

    3) (= Schar) crowd; (von Vögeln) flock; (= Sternenhaufen) cluster of stars

    ein Háúfen Schaulustige(r) — a crowd of onlookers

    dichte Háúfen von Reisenden — dense crowds of travellers (Brit) or travelers (US)

    dem Háúfen folgen (pej) — to follow the crowd

    der große Háúfen (pej) — the common herd, the masses pl

    4) (= Gruppe, Gemeinschaft) crowd (inf), bunch (inf); (MIL) troop
    * * *
    der
    1) (a large amount or a large number, in a pile: a heap of sand/apples.) heap
    2) (a group or gathering: a small knot of people) knot
    3) (a (large) number of things lying on top of each other in a tidy or untidy heap; a (large) quantity of something lying in a heap: There was a neat pile of books in the corner of the room; There was pile of rubbish at the bottom of the garden.) pile
    4) (a large quantity, especially of money: He must have piles of money to own a car like that.) pile
    * * *
    Hau·fen
    <-s, ->
    [ˈhaufn̩]
    m
    1. (Anhäufung) heap, pile
    2. (fam: große Menge) load, accumulation, mass; Arbeit load
    du erzählst da einen \Haufen Quatsch! what a load of rubbish!
    3. (Schar) crowd
    4. (Gruppe, Gemeinschaft) crowd, bunch
    5.
    ▶ auf einem \Haufen (fam) in one place
    ▶ einen \Haufen machen (euph) to do one's business
    Vorsicht, da hat ein Hund einen \Haufen gemacht! watch out for that dog poop [or pooh] [or doo]
    ▶ jdn/ein Tier über den \Haufen rennen/fahren (fam) to run over sb/an animal sep
    ▶ jdn/ein Tier über den \Haufen schießen [o knallen] (fam) to shoot sb/an animal down
    ▶ etw über den \Haufen werfen [o schmeißen] (fam) to throw out sth sep
    ▶ [jdm] etw über den \Haufen werfen [o schmeißen] (fam) to mess up sth [for sb] sep
    * * *
    der; Haufens, Haufen
    1) heap; pile

    etwas zu Haufen aufschichten — stack something up in piles

    der Hund hat da einen Haufen gemacht — (ugs.) the dog has done his business there (coll.)

    etwas über den Haufen werfen — (ugs.) (aufgeben) chuck something in (coll.); (zunichte machen) mess something up

    jemanden über den Haufen fahren/rennen — (ugs.) knock somebody down; run somebody over

    jemanden über den Haufen schießen od. knallen — (ugs.) gun or shoot somebody down (coll.)

    2) (ugs.): (große Menge) heap (coll.); pile (coll.); load (coll.)

    ein Haufen Arbeit/Bücher — a load or heap or pile of work/books (coll.); loads or heaps or piles of work/books (coll.)

    3) (Ansammlung von Menschen) crowd

    so viele Idioten auf einem Haufen — (ugs.) so many idiots in one place

    * * *
    A. v/t pile up, heap up;
    häufen auf (+akk) pile (up) on, pile onto; → gehäuft B
    B. v/r (sich anhäufen) pile up, accumulate, mount; (sich mehren) multiply, increase; (sich verbreiten) spread; (öfter vorkommen) happen ( oder occur) more and more often, be on the increase;
    die Beschwerden häufen sich more and more complaints are being made ( oder are coming in);
    die Todesfälle häufen sich the number of deaths ( oder the death toll) is going up ( oder is on the increase);
    die Hinweise häufen sich evidence is mounting; → gehäuft C
    * * *
    der; Haufens, Haufen
    1) heap; pile

    der Hund hat da einen Haufen gemacht — (ugs.) the dog has done his business there (coll.)

    etwas über den Haufen werfen — (ugs.) (aufgeben) chuck something in (coll.); (zunichte machen) mess something up

    jemanden über den Haufen fahren/rennen — (ugs.) knock somebody down; run somebody over

    jemanden über den Haufen schießen od. knallen — (ugs.) gun or shoot somebody down (coll.)

    2) (ugs.): (große Menge) heap (coll.); pile (coll.); load (coll.)

    ein Haufen Arbeit/Bücher — a load or heap or pile of work/books (coll.); loads or heaps or piles of work/books (coll.)

    3) (Ansammlung von Menschen) crowd

    so viele Idioten auf einem Haufen — (ugs.) so many idiots in one place

    * * *
    - m.
    accumulation n.
    clamp n.
    heap n.
    lot n.
    pile n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > häufen

  • 13 harto

    adj.
    1 fed-up, satiate, glutted, up to one's ears.
    2 fed-up, disgruntled, browned-off, brassed off.
    adv.
    enough.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: hartar.
    * * *
    1 (repleto) full, satiated
    2 familiar (cansado) tired (de, of), fed up (de, with)
    1 desuso (muy) quite, very
    \
    ¡me tienes harto,-a! I'm fed up with you!
    ¡ya estoy harto,-a! I'm fed up!, I'm sick and tired of it!
    ————————
    1 desuso (muy) quite, very
    * * *
    (f. - harta)
    adj.
    1) full
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=cansado) fed up *

    ¡ya estamos hartos! — we've had enough!, we're fed up! *

    ¡me tienes harto! — I'm fed up with you! *

    • estar harto de algo/algn — to be tired of sth/sb, be fed up with sth/sb *, be sick of sth/sb *

    estaban un poco hartos de tanta publicidad — they were a bit tired of all the publicity, they were a bit fed up with o sick of all the publicity *

    está harto de su jefe — he's fed up with o sick of his boss *

    • estar harto de hacer algo — to be tired of doing sth, be fed up of doing sth *, be sick of doing sth *

    está harto de no tener dinero — he's tired o fed up * o sick of * not having any money

    • estar harto de que — + subjun to be fed up with * + ger, be sick of * + ger

    estamos hartos de que lleguen siempre tarde — we're tired of o fed up with * o sick of * them arriving late

    2) (=lleno)

    • harto de algo — stuffed with sth *

    3) (=mucho)
    a) frm
    b) LAm plenty of, a lot of

    hartos chilenos — plenty of o a lot of Chileans

    2. ADV
    1) [con adjetivo]
    a) frm very, extremely

    una tarea harto difícil — a very difficult task, an extremely difficult task

    b) LAm very
    2) LAm [con adverbio] very
    3) LAm [con verbo] a lot
    3.
    PRON LAm

    -¿queda leche? -sí, harta — "is there any milk left?" - "yes, lots"

    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1)
    a) (cansado, aburrido) fed up

    me tienes harto con tantas exigencias — I'm sick o tired of all your demands

    harto de algo/alguien — fed up with something/somebody, tired of something/somebody

    harto de + inf — tired of -ing, fed up with -ing

    estaba harta de que le dijeran eso — she was tired of o fed up with them telling her that

    b) ( de comida) full
    a) (frml)
    b) (AmL exc RPl)
    II
    a) (frml) extremely, very
    b) (AmL exc RPl) very

    es harto mejor que el hermano — he's much o a lot better than his brother

    2) ( modificando un verbo) (AmL exc RPl)
    III
    - ta pronombre (AmL exc RPl)

    ¿tienes amigos allí? - sí, hartos! — do you have friends there? - yes, lots

    * * *
    = fed up, jaded.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Tough luck: To be a professional sport climber in America probably means you're broke, fed up and still no match for the foreign competition'.
    Ex. He is notorious for poking fun at those who advance jaded, esoteric ideas about the importance of studying classical languages.
    ----
    * estar harto = have had enough.
    * estar harto de = be all too familiar with, be sick and tired of.
    * harto de = sick of.
    * harto de comida = fullfed.
    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1)
    a) (cansado, aburrido) fed up

    me tienes harto con tantas exigencias — I'm sick o tired of all your demands

    harto de algo/alguien — fed up with something/somebody, tired of something/somebody

    harto de + inf — tired of -ing, fed up with -ing

    estaba harta de que le dijeran eso — she was tired of o fed up with them telling her that

    b) ( de comida) full
    a) (frml)
    b) (AmL exc RPl)
    II
    a) (frml) extremely, very
    b) (AmL exc RPl) very

    es harto mejor que el hermano — he's much o a lot better than his brother

    2) ( modificando un verbo) (AmL exc RPl)
    III
    - ta pronombre (AmL exc RPl)

    ¿tienes amigos allí? - sí, hartos! — do you have friends there? - yes, lots

    * * *
    = fed up, jaded.

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Tough luck: To be a professional sport climber in America probably means you're broke, fed up and still no match for the foreign competition'.

    Ex: He is notorious for poking fun at those who advance jaded, esoteric ideas about the importance of studying classical languages.
    * estar harto = have had enough.
    * estar harto de = be all too familiar with, be sick and tired of.
    * harto de = sick of.
    * harto de comida = fullfed.

    * * *
    harto1 -ta
    A
    1 (cansado, aburrido) fed up
    me tienes harta con tantas exigencias I'm sick of o tired of o fed up with all your demands, I've had enough of your demands
    ¡ya estoy harto! I've had enough!
    harto DE algo/algn fed up WITH sth/sb, tired OF sth/sb, sick OF sth/sb harto DE + INF tired OF -ING, fed up WITH -ING, sick OF -ING
    estoy harto de tener que repetirte todo I'm tired of o fed up with o sick of having to repeat everything I tell you
    harto DE QUE + SUBJ:
    estaba harta de que le dijeran lo que tenía que hacer she was tired of o fed up with o sick of them telling her what to do
    2 (de comida) full, full up ( BrE colloq)
    1 ( frml):
    esto sucede con harta frecuencia this happens very frequently
    tenían hartas ventajas they had many advantages
    2
    ( AmL exc RPl): te he llamado hartas veces I've phoned you lots of o ( colloq) loads of times
    tiene hartas ganas de verte he really wants to see you, he's dying to see you ( colloq)
    había harta gente allí there were a lot of o ( colloq) loads of people there
    1 ( frml); extremely, very
    una doctrina harto peligrosa an extremely o a very o a highly dangerous doctrine
    una tarea harto difícil an extremely o a very difficult task
    2 ( AmL exc RPl) very
    tiene una nariz harto grande she has a very big nose
    es harto mejor que el hermano he's much o a lot o ( colloq) miles better than his brother
    para serte harto franca to be quite frank with you
    B
    (modificando un verbo) ( AmL exc RPl): me gustó harto la película I really liked the movie, I thought the movie was great ( colloq)
    bailamos harto we danced a lot
    me divertí harto con él I had a great time with him
    harto3 -ta
    ( AmL exc RPl): tenía harto que hacer I had an awful lot to do, I had loads to do ( colloq)
    ¿tienes amigos allí? — ¡sí, hartos! do you have friends there? — yes, lots o loads ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo hartar: ( conjugate hartar)

    harto es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    hartó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    hartar    
    harto
    hartar ( conjugate hartar) verbo transitivo
    1 (cansar, fastidiar):

    2 (fam) ( llenar): nos hartaban a or de sopa they fed us on nothing but soup;

    hartarse verbo pronominal
    1 (cansarse, aburrirse) to get fed up;
    hartose de algo/algn to get tired o sick of sth/sb, get fed up with sth/sb;
    hartose de hacer algo to get tired o sick of doing sth, get fed up with doing sth
    2 ( llenarse): hartose (de algo) to gorge oneself (on sth), to stuff oneself (with sth) (colloq)
    harto 1
    ◊ -ta adjetivo

    1
    a) (cansado, aburrido) fed up;

    harto de algo/algn fed up with sth/sb, tired of sth/sb;
    harto de hacer algo tired of doing sth, fed up with doing sth;
    ◊ estaba harta de que le dijeran eso she was tired of o fed up with them telling her that


    2 ( delante del n) ( mucho) (AmL exc RPl):

    tiene hartas ganas de verte he really wants to see you
    ■ pronombre (AmL exc RPl):

    ¿tienes amigos allí? — ¡sí, hartos! do you have friends there? — yes, lots
    harto 2 adverbio
    a) (AmL exc RPl) ( modificando un adjetivo) very;

    ◊ es harto mejor que el hermano he's much o a lot better than his brother



    bailamos harto we danced a lot
    hartar verbo transitivo
    1 (molestar, cansar) to annoy: la escuché hasta que me hartó con tanto reproche, I listened to her until I got sick of hearing so much criticism
    2 (saciar) to satiate
    3 (dar en abundancia) to overwhelm [de, with]: me hartaron de comida, they made me eat too much
    harto,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (de comida) full
    2 (hastiado, aburrido) fed up: ¡me tiene harto!, I'm fed up with him!
    estoy harto de decírtelo, I'm fed up with telling you
    II adv frml (muy) very: es harto difícil que ganemos, it's going to be hard for us to win
    ' harto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ahíta
    - ahíto
    - amargada
    - amargado
    - cansada
    - cansado
    - enferma
    - enfermo
    - frita
    - frito
    - harta
    - hartar
    - hartarse
    - quemada
    - quemado
    - satisfecha
    - satisfecho
    - torear
    - aburrido
    - podrido
    English:
    brassed off
    - cheese off
    - enough
    - fed
    - fill
    - play along
    - sick
    - tired
    - weary
    - dare
    - ditto
    - thing
    - whole
    * * *
    harto, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [de comida] full;
    estoy harto de dulces I've had enough sweet things;
    Esp Fam
    ni harto de vino: ése no ayuda a nadie ni harto de vino he wouldn't help you if you were drowning;
    no le dejaría mi coche ni harto de vino I wouldn't lend him my car in a million years
    2. [cansado] tired (de of), fed up (de with);
    estoy harto de mi jefe I'm sick of my boss;
    estoy harto de repetirte que cierres la puerta I'm sick and tired of telling you to shut the door;
    me tiene harto con el piano I'm fed up of o with her and her piano;
    empiezo a estar un poco harto de sus quejas I'm starting to get rather tired of o fed up with his complaints
    3. Am salvo RP [mucho] a lot of, lots of;
    tiene harto dinero she has a lot of o lots of money;
    de este aeropuerto salen hartos aviones a lot of o lots of planes fly from this airport
    ♦ adv
    1. Esp Formal [muy] extremely;
    es harto frecuente it's extremely common;
    el examen fue harto difícil the exam was extremely difficult
    2. Am salvo RP [muy] very, really;
    [mucho] a lot, very much;
    es harto grande it's very o really big;
    nos cansamos harto we got really tired;
    te quiero harto I love you very much
    ♦ pron
    Am salvo RP [mucho]
    ¿tiene muchos muebles? – hartos does she have a lot of furniture? – yes, she's got loads;
    sabes harto que te quiero you know perfectly well that I love you
    * * *
    I adj
    1 fed up fam ;
    estar harto de algo be sick of sth fam, be fed up with sth fam
    2 ( lleno) full (up)
    3
    :
    había hartos pasteles there were cakes in abundance
    II adv very much; delante del adjetivo extremely;
    me gusta harto L.Am. I like it a lot;
    hace harto frío L.Am. it’s very cold
    * * *
    harto adv
    : most, extremely, very
    harto, -ta adj
    1) : full, satiated
    2) : fed up
    * * *
    harto adj
    1. (en general) fed up
    2. (de comida) full up

    Spanish-English dictionary > harto

  • 14 NETEILHUILLI

    netêilhuilli:
    Accusation, plainte déposée en justice.
    Cf. le verbe bitrans. ilhuia.
    " in ôquichipâuhqueh, in oquiyectâlihqueh netêilhuilli ", ils ont clarifié et débrouillé les plaintes - they defined and verlfied the complaint. Est dit de juges. Sah8,55.
    " quicaquiya in îxquich in înetêilhuil îhuân in îchôquiz, in înêntlamachiliz in înetolîniliz in cuitlapilli, ahtlapalli in icnôtlâcatl, in motolînia in mâcêhualli ", il écoutait toutes les accusations, les plaintes, les tourments, la misère au peuple, dé l'orphelin, du pauvre, des gens du petit peuple. Sah8,54.
    " inic huel quineltiliâya in tlahtoâni in tênetêilhuil ahnôzo têtlahtlacol ", pour que le souverain puisse vérifier les accusations et les fautes. Sah8,54.
    " in înetêilhuîl cuitlapilli ahtlapalli mâcêhualli ", les plaintes du peuple - the complaints of the lower classes and common folk. Sah8,41.
    " in oncân in tlacxitlân ahmo tleh huehcahuaya in netêilhuilli ", là à Tlacxitlan l'accusation ne tardait pas - in that place, the Tlacxitlan, they did not delay the hearing. Sah8,41.
    " îhuiyân yocoxcâ in quicaquiyah in înnetêilhuil mâcêhualli ", tranquillement, prudemment, ils écoutaient les plaintes du peuple. Est dit des juges. Sah8,42 (noter le préfixe possessif plur. 'în-' avec le collectif 'mâcêhualli').
    " tlapallahcuilôlpan in quipôhuayah, in quittayah netêilhuilli ", ils lisaient, ils examinaient la plainte dans un écrit - in the picture writing which recorded the case, they studied the complaints. Est dit de juges. Sah8,42.

    Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique > NETEILHUILLI

  • 15 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 16 SPC

    1) Общая лексика: Научно-Производственный Центр, Секретариат Тихоокеанского сообщества (Secretariat of the Pacific Community), Sientific and Production Company, НПФ (нучно-производственная фирма
    2) Медицина: (statistical process control) статистический контроль (качества), symptoms/problems/complaints (критерий безопасности и эффективности при исследовании нового продукта медицинского назначения), Summary of Product Characteristics (при описании лекарственных сресдтв, препаратов.), Краткая характеристика лекарственного средства
    6) Шутливое выражение: Samurai Pizza Cats, South Park Coalition
    7) Юридический термин: special purpose company( зачастую off-shore)
    8) Грубое выражение: Small Penis Carrier, Stupid Pointless Crap
    9) Телекоммуникации: Service Provider Code, Semi-Permanent Circuit (Telstra)
    10) Сокращение: Science Program Committee, Society for the Prevention of Crime, Software Productivity Consortium, South Pacific Commission, Special Projects Co-ordination (UK), Statistical Process Control, Statistical Programs Coordinator, Stored Program Control, Synthetic Particulated Chaff, survey of population change, suspended plaster ceiling, special common (projectile), SCSI-3 Primary Commands, summary of product characteristics
    11) Университет: Student Paper Competition
    13) Вычислительная техника: Stored Program Command, Solution Partner Center (IBM), SCSI-3 Primary Commands (SAM, SCSI)
    14) Биотехнология: Stem and progenitor cell
    15) Экология: Satellite Processing Center
    18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: corrected
    20) Образование: Schools Pupil Council
    22) Полимеры: soap, perfumery and cosmetics
    23) Программирование: Service Program Code
    24) Автоматика: система статистического контроля (производственных) процессов, статистический контроль ( производственных) процессов, устройство статистического контроля (производственных) процессов
    26) Сахалин Р: corrected sp
    27) Океанография: Storm Prediction Center
    28) Макаров: spindle control
    29) Безопасность: Software Protection Code
    31) Нефть и газ: песчаная пробка (SPC = sand plug cleaning / м/р "Каражанбасмунай" - пос.старый Жетыбай), подводно-добычной модуль, подводный добычной модуль, подводно-добычной комплекс, ПДК, добычной подводный модуль, подводный модуль, подводный модуль для добычи углеводородов, offshore subsea production module, subsea production complex, subsea production module, subsea production unit, underwater production unit
    32) Военно-политический термин: Supreme Political Committee
    34) Электротехника: split-phase current
    35) Фантастика Star Patrol Cruiser
    36) Общественная организация: Suicide Prevention Care
    37) NYSE. St. Paul Companies, Inc.
    38) Аэропорты: Santa Cruz de la Palma, Canary Islands

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SPC

  • 17 Spc

    1) Общая лексика: Научно-Производственный Центр, Секретариат Тихоокеанского сообщества (Secretariat of the Pacific Community), Sientific and Production Company, НПФ (нучно-производственная фирма
    2) Медицина: (statistical process control) статистический контроль (качества), symptoms/problems/complaints (критерий безопасности и эффективности при исследовании нового продукта медицинского назначения), Summary of Product Characteristics (при описании лекарственных сресдтв, препаратов.), Краткая характеристика лекарственного средства
    6) Шутливое выражение: Samurai Pizza Cats, South Park Coalition
    7) Юридический термин: special purpose company( зачастую off-shore)
    8) Грубое выражение: Small Penis Carrier, Stupid Pointless Crap
    9) Телекоммуникации: Service Provider Code, Semi-Permanent Circuit (Telstra)
    10) Сокращение: Science Program Committee, Society for the Prevention of Crime, Software Productivity Consortium, South Pacific Commission, Special Projects Co-ordination (UK), Statistical Process Control, Statistical Programs Coordinator, Stored Program Control, Synthetic Particulated Chaff, survey of population change, suspended plaster ceiling, special common (projectile), SCSI-3 Primary Commands, summary of product characteristics
    11) Университет: Student Paper Competition
    13) Вычислительная техника: Stored Program Command, Solution Partner Center (IBM), SCSI-3 Primary Commands (SAM, SCSI)
    14) Биотехнология: Stem and progenitor cell
    15) Экология: Satellite Processing Center
    18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: corrected
    20) Образование: Schools Pupil Council
    22) Полимеры: soap, perfumery and cosmetics
    23) Программирование: Service Program Code
    24) Автоматика: система статистического контроля (производственных) процессов, статистический контроль ( производственных) процессов, устройство статистического контроля (производственных) процессов
    26) Сахалин Р: corrected sp
    27) Океанография: Storm Prediction Center
    28) Макаров: spindle control
    29) Безопасность: Software Protection Code
    31) Нефть и газ: песчаная пробка (SPC = sand plug cleaning / м/р "Каражанбасмунай" - пос.старый Жетыбай), подводно-добычной модуль, подводный добычной модуль, подводно-добычной комплекс, ПДК, добычной подводный модуль, подводный модуль, подводный модуль для добычи углеводородов, offshore subsea production module, subsea production complex, subsea production module, subsea production unit, underwater production unit
    32) Военно-политический термин: Supreme Political Committee
    34) Электротехника: split-phase current
    35) Фантастика Star Patrol Cruiser
    36) Общественная организация: Suicide Prevention Care
    37) NYSE. St. Paul Companies, Inc.
    38) Аэропорты: Santa Cruz de la Palma, Canary Islands

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Spc

  • 18 spc

    1) Общая лексика: Научно-Производственный Центр, Секретариат Тихоокеанского сообщества (Secretariat of the Pacific Community), Sientific and Production Company, НПФ (нучно-производственная фирма
    2) Медицина: (statistical process control) статистический контроль (качества), symptoms/problems/complaints (критерий безопасности и эффективности при исследовании нового продукта медицинского назначения), Summary of Product Characteristics (при описании лекарственных сресдтв, препаратов.), Краткая характеристика лекарственного средства
    6) Шутливое выражение: Samurai Pizza Cats, South Park Coalition
    7) Юридический термин: special purpose company( зачастую off-shore)
    8) Грубое выражение: Small Penis Carrier, Stupid Pointless Crap
    9) Телекоммуникации: Service Provider Code, Semi-Permanent Circuit (Telstra)
    10) Сокращение: Science Program Committee, Society for the Prevention of Crime, Software Productivity Consortium, South Pacific Commission, Special Projects Co-ordination (UK), Statistical Process Control, Statistical Programs Coordinator, Stored Program Control, Synthetic Particulated Chaff, survey of population change, suspended plaster ceiling, special common (projectile), SCSI-3 Primary Commands, summary of product characteristics
    11) Университет: Student Paper Competition
    13) Вычислительная техника: Stored Program Command, Solution Partner Center (IBM), SCSI-3 Primary Commands (SAM, SCSI)
    14) Биотехнология: Stem and progenitor cell
    15) Экология: Satellite Processing Center
    18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: corrected
    20) Образование: Schools Pupil Council
    22) Полимеры: soap, perfumery and cosmetics
    23) Программирование: Service Program Code
    24) Автоматика: система статистического контроля (производственных) процессов, статистический контроль ( производственных) процессов, устройство статистического контроля (производственных) процессов
    26) Сахалин Р: corrected sp
    27) Океанография: Storm Prediction Center
    28) Макаров: spindle control
    29) Безопасность: Software Protection Code
    31) Нефть и газ: песчаная пробка (SPC = sand plug cleaning / м/р "Каражанбасмунай" - пос.старый Жетыбай), подводно-добычной модуль, подводный добычной модуль, подводно-добычной комплекс, ПДК, добычной подводный модуль, подводный модуль, подводный модуль для добычи углеводородов, offshore subsea production module, subsea production complex, subsea production module, subsea production unit, underwater production unit
    32) Военно-политический термин: Supreme Political Committee
    34) Электротехника: split-phase current
    35) Фантастика Star Patrol Cruiser
    36) Общественная организация: Suicide Prevention Care
    37) NYSE. St. Paul Companies, Inc.
    38) Аэропорты: Santa Cruz de la Palma, Canary Islands

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > spc

  • 19 CUITLAPILLI

    cuitlapilli:
    1.\CUITLAPILLI queue d'animal, d'oiseau.
    Esp., cola o rabo de animal, o de ave. Molina II 27r.
    Angl., tail (K).
    La queue de l'oiseau. Décrite dans Sah11,55.
    * à la forme possédée,
    " îcuitlapil ", sa queue.
    Est dit du tapir dans Sah11,3.
    du poisson. Sah9,74.
    " in îcuitlapil tzitziquiltic ", sa queue est en dents de scie - its tail is jagged.
    Est dit du crocodile, âcuetzpalin. Sah11,67.
    " cencah quiquetza, cahcoquetza in îcuitlapil ", il redresse, il lève sa queue. Est dit de l'epatl. Sah5,171.
    " huel îcuitlapil ic tlaczatimoquetza ", il se dresse sur sa queue. Est dit du serpent âcôâtl. Sah11,71.
    " in îcuitlapil âmatl ahzo ômmatl ahnôzo êmatl inic huiyac ", sa queue est en papier longue de deux ou trois brasses. Décrit le déguisement dit xiuhcoatl. Sah2,147 = Sah 1927,213.
    Désigne également l'abdomen d'un insecte.
    " tlâllân in mopilhuatia, tlâllân in motetia, inic tlatlâza tlâllan caquia in îcuitlapil, oncân quintema in îtehuân ", elle se reproduit sous terre, elle pond ses oeufs sous terre, quand elle pond, elle inserre son abdomen dans la terre, c'est là qu'elle dépose ses oeufs - it reproduces underground; it lays eggs unterground. When it lays eggs, it inserts its abdomen unter ground: there it deposits its egges. Est dit de la sauterelle, chapôlin. Sah11,96.
    " nohuiyan tlîltic in îihhuiyo auh in îcuitlapil iztac ic huihuiltecqui ", partout ses plumes sont noires mais sa queue est tachetée de blanc - everywhere (over the body) its feathers are black, but its tail is mixed white (and black).
    Décrit l'oiseau ayocuan. Sah11,21.
    " in îcuitlapil îhuân îahtlapal tlatlactic, tlatlâuhqui ", sa queue et ses ailes sont d'un rouge vif, rouges - its tail, its wing (feathers) are ruddy, reddish, décrit l'oiseau alo. Sah11,23.
    " in îahaz, in îcuitlapil iztacacuihcuiltic ", ses ailes et sa queue sont tachetés de blanc - its wings, its tail are blotched with white. Est dit de l'oiseau itzcuauhtli. Sah11,41.
    " huel yacahuitztic in îcuitlapil ", sa queue est très pointue. Est dit d'un ver, ocuilin.
    Cod Flor XI 98r = ECN11,64 = Acad Hist MS 301r.
    " têpan quizôhuani in îahaz in îcuitlapil ", elle protège les siens (littéralement, elle étend ses ailes et sa queue sur les siens) - (she is) a protector (litt. one who spreads her wings, her tail over one).
    Est dit d'une dame noble, tlâcatl. Sah10,45. et dans le même paragraphe, " têpan quizôhua in îahaz in îcuitlapil ", elle protège les siens.
    2.\CUITLAPILLI queue d'une comète.
    " huehca ahcitiuh in îcuitlapil ", sa queue s'étend au loin - far did his tail go reaching.
    Présages de l'arrivée des Espagnols. Sah12,9.
    3.\CUITLAPILLI métaphor., " cuitlapilli, ahtlapalli ", le peuple. Sah12,57.
    L'expression se réfère sans doute à la queue et aux ailes de l'aigle. Désigne ceux qui servent un grand seigneur, des vassaux ou des roturiers.
    Esp., gente menuda, vasallos, maceuales. Molina II 27r.
    Allem., metaphorischer Ausdruck für Volk, Untertan. Rammow 1964,177.
    Cette métaphore est brièvement présentée par Sah6,244.
    " ca ye îxpolihui in mâcêhualli, in cuitlapilli, in ahtlapalli ", car le peuple est détruit. Par l'épidémie. Sah6,2.
    " cuix zâ polihuiz in cuitlapilli, in ahtlapalli, in mâcêhualli ", faut-il que la queue et les ailes, le peuple, s'en aille disparaisse? Launey II 164 = Sah6,36.
    " in înetêilhuil cuitlapilli ahtlapalli mâcêhualli ", les plaintes des petites gens, du peuple - the complaints of the lower classes and common folk. Sah8,41.
    " ahzo zan tlapîc quihuehcâhua in înetêilhuil cuitlapilli, ahtlapalli ", ou bien ils différent sans raison (l'examen de) la plainte du petit peuple - perhaps that they needlessly delayed the case of common folk. Sah8,42.
    " cuix itlah îpan mochîhuaz in îcuitlapil in îahtlapal ", est-ce que quelquechose arrivera à son peuple ? Sah2,216.
    " quicaquiya in îxquich in înetêilhuil îhuan in îchôquiz, in înêntlamachiliz in înetolînîliz in cuitlapilli, ahtlapalli in icnotlâcatl, in motolînia in mâcêhualli ", il écoutait toutes les accusations, les plaintes, les tourments, la misère du peuple, de l'orphelin, du pauvre, des gens du petit peuple. Sah8,54.
    * à la forme possédée.
    " ca mitztemachihtoc in mocuitlapil in mahtlapal ", tes vassaux ont confiance en toi. Sah6,184.
    " cuix ye ôticmomâcâhuilih in mocuitlapil in mahtlapal ", as-tu donc abandonné tes vassaux. S'adresse à Tezcatlipoca. Sah6,3 et à la même page, à l'honorifique, " in mocuitlapiltzin in mahtlapaltzin, in mâcêhualli ", tes vassaux, tout le peuple. La même expression s'adresse à Quetzalcoatl. Sah6,210.
    * plur., " cuitlapiltin ", les queues, au sens métaphorique.
    " ic nôtzalôyah in mâcêhualtin cuitlapiltin, ahtlapaltin ", les gens du peuple sont appelés les queues et les ailes. Sah6,244.
    4. métaphor., " têpan quizôhuani in îahaz in îcuitlapil ", elle protège (elle étend ses ailes et sa queue sur les siens).
    Angl., (she is) a protector (litt. one who spreads her wings, her tail over one). Est dit d'une dame noble, tlâcatl. Sah10,45. et dans le même paragraphe, " têpan quizôhua in îahaz in îcuitlapil ", elle protège les siens.
    Pour la quantité de la dernière voyelle du radical. Cf. F.Karttunen s cuitlapilli et pilli.

    Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique > CUITLAPILLI

  • 20 ♦ book

    ♦ book /bʊk/
    n.
    1 libro: a history book, un libro di storia; a recipe book, un libro di ricette; picture book, libro illustrato; a cult book, un libro cult; to read a book, leggere un libro
    2 (letter.) libro ( sezione di un'opera): the Book of Genesis, il Libro del Genesi; Book II, Secondo libro
    3 quaderno; registro: book of complaints, registro dei reclami; exercise book, quaderno (di scuola); guest book, registro dei clienti; ( Internet) ► guestbook; visitors' book registro dei visitatori
    4 (mus.) libretto
    5 (teatr.) copione
    6 blocchetto; libretto: a book of stamps, un blocchetto di francobolli; a book of tickets, un blocchetto di biglietti; a book of matches, una bustina di fiammiferi; cheque book, libretto degli assegni
    7 – (telef., fam.) the book, guida telefonica; elenco del telefono: I'm not in the book yet, non sono ancora sull'elenco
    8 – (relig.) the Book, la Bibbia: to swear on the Book, giurare sulla Bibbia
    9 (rag.) libro contabile; registro; (al pl.) libri contabili, conti, contabilità (sing.): to close one's books, chiudere i conti; to keep the books, tenere la contabilità; to fiddle the books, falsificare i libri contabili; book balance, saldo contabile; book entry, scrittura contabile
    10 ( Borsa) book; esposizione complessiva ( di un operatore)
    11 elenco delle scommesse ( tenuto da un allibratore): to keep a book on st., accettare scommesse su qc.; to start a book, cominciare ad accettare scommesse
    ● book account, conto aperto ( presso un negozio) □ book club, club del libro □ book cover, sopraccoperta □ (leg.) book debt, credito secondo i libri contabili; credito chirografario □ book fair, fiera del libro □ book jacket, sopraccoperta □ book-learning, cultura libresca □ (relig.) the Book of Common Prayer, il libro di preghiere della Chiesa Anglicana NOTE DI CULTURA: Book of Common Prayer: è il testo liturgico ufficiale della Chiesa anglicana, scritto in gran parte da Thomas Cranmer e pubblicato nel 1549. È uno dei tre testi (gli altri due sono la Bibbia nella ► «Authorized Version», ► authorized, e le opere di Shakespeare) che hanno maggiormente influenzato la lingua inglese. Oggi in molte chiese è in uso una versione semplificata e modernizzata detta the Alternative Service Book, pubblicata nel 1980 □ (rag.) book of entries (o of original entry), libro giornale □ (relig.) book of hours, libro d'ore; breviario □ (comm.) book of invoices, copiafatture □ book of words, (mus.) libretto; (fam. GB) libretto delle istruzioni book post, servizio a tariffa ridotta per la spedizione di libri □ book token, buono libro □ the book trade, l'editoria; l'industria libraria □ (comm., leg.) book value, valore contabile; valore d'inventario □ to bring sb. to book, costringere q. a dare conto di qc.; chiamare q. alla resa dei conti □ by the book, secondo le regole; correttamente: to go by the book, attenersi alle regole □ to be a closed book, essere un libro chiuso (fig.) □ (fam.) to cook the books, truccare i libri contabili □ (fam.) every… in the book, tutti quanti i…; tutti i… dal primo all'ultimo □ ( slang USA) to hit the books, studiare sodo; sgobbare □ in sb. 's bad (o black) books, nel libro nero di q.; in disgrazia presso q. □ in sb. 's good books, nelle grazie di q. □ (fam.) in my book, secondo me; per come la vedo io □ in the book, nel regolamento: not in the book, irregolare; vietato; proibito □ to know sb. like a book, conoscere q. a fondo (o come un libro aperto) □ off the books (avv.), off-the-books (agg.), (econ., fin.) in nero, fuoribusta; (fig.) (di) nascosto □ on the books, messo in lista, iscritto ( come socio); (comm.) registrato □ (fam. USA) one for the book, cosa straordinaria, memorabile; caso unico □ to be an open book, essere un libro aperto (fig.) □ ( slang) to run a book, (ipp.) accettare scommesse; ( USA) avere il conto aperto ( in un negozio) □ to speak by the book, parlare con cognizione di causa □ to suit one's book, andare a pennello; fare comodo □ to talk like a book, parlare come un libro stampato □ (leg., fam.) to throw the book at sb., dare il massimo della pena a q.; ( per estens.) rimproverare severamente q. □ without book, a memoria □ (fam.) to have written the book (on st.), essere un esperto (di qc.).
    (to) book /bʊk/
    v. t.
    1 prenotare; fissare; riservare: to book a table at a restaurant, prenotare un tavolo al ristorante; to book a seat on a flight, prenotare un posto in aereo; to book early, prenotare per tempo; DIALOGO → - Organizing a meeting- I'll book the conference room on the second floor, prenoto la sala conferenze al secondo piano
    2 scritturare: to book a band, scritturare un'orchestra da ballo
    3 contestare una contravvenzione a; multare: I was booked on a charge of speeding, sono stato multato per eccesso di velocità
    4 ( calcio) ammonire per iscritto: to get booked, essere ammonito
    5 (fam.) arrestare
    6 (antiq.) annotare; registrare
    ● ( slang USA) to book it, filar via; ( anche) studiare sodo, sgobbare; contarci, scommetterci: You can book it, contaci!; puoi scommetterci!

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ book

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